With every brushstroke, an artist brings their masterpiece to life — revealing beauty layer by layer.

Similarly, piano makers and designers sculpt their instruments not only to produce sound, but to inspire awe with their visual elegance.

Music is art, a phrase quite often used to describe the beauty thereof.

The Oxford dictionary describes art as the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power.

Yet somehow the word art does not feel powerful enough to truly captivate the majesty of the piano — both audibly and visually.

In this article, the progression of the piano and its design will be discussed.

When Music Meets Design

Around the year 1700, Bartolomeo Cristofori (a genius Italian maker of instruments), the revolutionary piano was born.

Pianos have come a long way in terms of design, structure, aesthetics and more.

The following reveals a timeline of the most notable innovators and inventors and the impact they made on piano regarding its functionality and design.

1700s: The First Piano

The lack of controlling the dynamics spurred on Cristofori to invent a harpsichord, replacing the usual plucking mechanism with a hammer which created the first piano.

Thus it resembled a harpsichord.

It has a plain, wing-shaped exterior with a single keyboard and no special stops which can alter the tone.

On the outside, it pretty much looked exactly like a harpsichord, but had a totally different interior.

Cristofori called it a “gravicembalo col piano e forte” which translates to “harpsichord with soft and loud” — allowing pianists to now have dynamic control.

Late 1700s – Early 1800s: Classical Refinement and Development

The case and structure design of the piano slowly but surely becomes more elegant, with veneered woods and modest ornamentation.

A sudden shift in the demand for harpsichords has changed drastically, as all the more upright pianos begin appearing in people’s homes.

A fine craftsman named John Broadwood married Barbara, the daughter of Burkat Shudi — who owned a business in making harpsichords.

Later on, Shudi handed over the running of his business to both his son and John Broadwood.

After Shudi’s passing, the business became his son’s and his son-in-law’s.

By popular demand, due to the shift the invention of the piano caused, Broadwood found himself making more pianos than harpsichords!

He continued to develop the piano, improving the bass tone.

Today the business is known as Broadwood & Sons, and claims to be the oldest established manufacturer in the world.

Sébastian Érard, a brilliant piano and harp maker, specialised in the production of these instruments, enabling him to develop the capacities of both.

He contributed to grand piano engineering and revolutionized the construction of the grand style of piano.

Érard pioneered a grand piano mechanism that laid the groundwork for the modern grand action we know today.

His invention of the “double escapement” system, which introduced a repetition lever, made it possible to strike the same note rapidly without fully releasing the key — a major leap beyond earlier single-action designs.

And that was just one of his many forward-thinking contributions to piano technology.

Mid 1800s: Romantic Era

During the Romantic Period in Europe, pianos became a symbol of wealth and sophistication. Art case pianos featured intricate woodwork, gilded carvings, and floral inlays.

Steinway & Sons, now one of the world’s leading piano makers, unveiled the first square piano featuring a groundbreaking scale design that dramatically improved sound quality — setting a new standard that future manufacturers would follow.

Pianos evolved from square pianos with horizontal strings to more compact upright models with vertical strings.

Yet the increasing demand for compact upright models soon replaced all square pianos, thanks to the rapidly growing industrialized city planning that led to smaller urban spaces.

1900s: Minimalism and Mass Production

As pianos became more accessible to the growing middle class during the 19th century, their popularity soared.

Instruments of this era were often highly ornate, crafted from luxurious, dark exotic woods such as Honduran Mahogany and Brazilian Rosewood, perfectly mirroring the Victorian era’s preference for rich, elaborate designs.

However, by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a gradual shift in aesthetic tastes, with the demand for lighter finishes like oak and walnut beginning to increase.

Technological advancements brought significant changes to piano manufacturing.

The Industrial Revolution allowed the transition from individually handcrafted instruments to more efficient factory production.

This shift led to greater standardisation, making pianos more affordable and giving rise to simpler, more streamlined designs.

By the late 20th century, the emergence of digital pianos further transformed the landscape, offering a modern alternative that blended technological innovation with musical tradition.

2000s – Present: The Piano as a Masterpiece

Recently, piano design has entered an exciting new era, with designers teaming up with artists and architects to create modern, eye-catching instruments that are as much works of art as they are musical tools.

While classic wood finishes like mahogany, ebony, and walnut remain popular, there has been a noticeable shift toward bold and contemporary colour options — including white, grey, red, and even metallic finishes.

Some brands have pushed boundaries even further, producing stunning transparent acrylic or crystal pianos that turn heads in both private homes and concert halls.

This creative wave took off in the early 2000s, as cultural trends began to embrace individuality and artistic expression more openly.

That spirit of innovation extended to the piano world, where manufacturers began offering more luxurious, unconventional, and intricately designed instruments — reflecting both technological advancements and changing aesthetic tastes.

Conclusion

The piano has undergone significant changes in both exterior and interior design. It truly is a piece of art — a blank canvas, waiting eagerly for someone to bring it to life.

RESOURCES:

1.1: What Is Art? – Humanities LibreTexts

A brief history of john broadwood & sons pianos (no date) History of John Broadwood & Sons Pianos. Available at: https://broadwood.co.uk/history.html (Accessed: 16 April 2025).

The evolution of the modern piano (facts, photos and Timeline): Blog: Lindeblad Piano (no date) Lindebladpiano. Available at: https://www.lindebladpiano.com/blog/history-of-the-piano (Accessed: 15 April 2025).

A lot of piano brands carry legacies from generations ago, where one person or group took a risk in the world of the unknown. Some failed, some succeeded. Yet there are some that are still legendary brands to this day. Let’s look at some of the most famous and well-known piano brands.

Steinway & Sons

Probably the most popular piano brand ever, Steinway & Sons has built a prestige legacy, having obtained many professional musicians to use their piano. Concert pianists often prefer this renowned brand for their performances.

What makes this brand different from the others? Why choose Steinway?

Steinway & Sons was founded in 1853 by Henry Engelhard Steinway – a German immigrant. According to their official website, Steinway and his sons literally developed the modern piano. They applied skills carried over from generation to generation when building their instruments, creating the legacy we know of today.

Steinway strives for excellence in its pianos, producing masterpieces that catch the eye. This brand is known for its warmth, greater dynamic range, and longer-sustaining tone. Steinway also claims that its pianos’ tones are distinctive and different from other pianos, making the brand stand out even more.

Looking at the price aspect of this piano brand, it is expensive—as expected. Yet the quality of their pianos does not disappoint. Steinway’s soundboards are made with Sitka spruce—the most resonant wood—and that alone is of great cost. Considering their legacy and the high status they have achieved, Steinway & Sons is a luxury with a high price because of its high value.

Yamaha

This brand is known for being the world’s largest manufacturer of musical instruments, producing and distributing various instruments such as pianos, guitars, violins, and so much more.

The brand, Yamaha originates from the founder: Torakusu Yamaha.

He pioneered the production of Western musical instruments in Japan, as stated on their official website.

An elementary school asked him if he could repair a reed organ – to which he agreed and delivered. Yet, while repairing this organ, Torakusu recognised the business potential and, therefore, created a blueprint for it. This led to him creating his own prototype organ.

Trial after trial, he finally completed the organ, which opened many more business opportunities, leading to building the first piano ever made in Japan and earning its spot as one of the greatest piano brands ever since.

Yamaha pianos have excellent sound quality, with a reputation for high durability. Yamaha strives for natural, resonant sound – no matter where you are playing.

I believe it’s safe to say Yamaha looks to suit every need. There are affordable pianos for beginners , digital pianos for travelling artists, and of course more expensive ones for professionals. Yamaha is definitely a hot topic when looking to buy a piano.

Bösendorfer

Bösendorfer is considered to be among the best pianos in the world. Bringing a uniqueness and prestigious legacy to the table, Bösendorfer continues to uphold its excellent standards, even after facing a financial crisis.

Ignaz Bösendorfer, born in Vienna, started his apprenticeship with a man named Joseph Brodmann – one of the most famous piano makers of his time. Ignaz was a very gifted man, eventually taking over his apprentice’s firm when he retired. Franz Liszt – legendary pianist (perhaps the world’s best master ever!) and composer – decided to play on a Bösendorfer Grand for his concert in Vienna, thanks to the recommendation of a friend. The high quality of the piano took Liszt by surprise, encouraging him to not withhold his artistic spirit.

The audience loved his performance so much that Bösendorfer became famous overnight and is still very popular today.

Since 2008, Bösendorfer has been a wholly-owned subsidiary of Yamaha Corporation.

One of the things that set Bosndorfer apart from other pianos is that it is the only piano manufacturer that applied a detachable and independent Capo d’Astro in the upper register, assuring unique sound for more than one generation.

Bösendorfer pianos are not typically the type you would see in every second home. Even at a second-hand price, they are still very expensive. Yet, this prestigious brand is favoured by many renowned pianists.

Fazioli

This piano brand literally handcrafts each and every piano, creating a limited number of pianos each year to be old. Fazioli takes their design just as seriously as the sound, offering the pianist an excellent playing experience.

It all started with a pianist and engineer named Paolo Fazioli. He founded this company in 1981, pursuing his dream of designing and building new pianos. Paolo dedicated his time to the in-depth study of contemporary grand piano production. The Fazioli Piano factory was established in a furniture factory in Sicily, Italy. The factory is still well in use and celebrates its ancient and prestigious tradition in the art of producing pianos.

Fazioli refuses any industrial approach, striving for the objective of uncompromised quality. The unparalleled craftsmanship and attention to detail are of the utmost importance to the brand. Many even consider Fazioli pianos to be the Rolls-Royce of pianos due to this exact fact. Since they rebuke the use of new technologies for faster production, this company only produces about 140 pianos a year!

Fazioli pianos are also highly-priced, yet one can expect nothing but pure quality and excellent sound. Fazioli gives the buyer a sense of exclusivity since they are produced in limited quantities compared to other piano brands.

Conclusion

These legendary piano makers have a history of taking risks and seizing the right opportunities. Some ideas failed, some succeeded – yet their drive to achieve success is eventually what got them there.

It all started with a dream. A dream that still inspires many to this day.